20 KiB
20 KiB
学生管理系统 — 数据库设计文档
1. 数据库概述
| 属性 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 数据库名 | sms（学生管理系统 Student Manage System） |
| 存储引擎 | InnoDB |
| 字符集 | utf8mb4 |
| 默认排序规则 | utf8mb4_unicode_ci |
| 通用字段方案 | id、create_time、update_time、is_deleted、delete_time |
2. ER 关系图
┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐
│ teachers │ │ classes │ │ students │
├──────────────────┤ ├──────────────────┤ ├──────────────────┤
│ id (PK) │ │ id (PK) │ │ id (PK) │
│ num (UK) │ │ num (UK) │ │ num (UK) │
│ name │ 1:N │ name │ 1:N │ name │
│ age │ ----> │ class_start_time │ ----> │ age │
│ sex │ │ │ │ sex │
│ home_place │ │ head_teacher_id │ │ home_place │
│ college │ │ coach_teacher_id │ │ college │
│ specialty │ │ tutor_teacher_id │ │ specialty │
│ enrollment_time │ └──────┬───────────┘ │ enrollment_time │
│ graduate_time │ │ graduate_time │
│ education │ │ education │
│ work_experience │ │ │
│ coach_area │ │ create_time │
│ │ │ update_time │
│ create_time │ ------------------│ is_deleted │
│ update_time │ │ │ delete_time │
│ is_deleted │ │ 1:N └──────────────────┘
│ delete_time │ ▼ | 1:1
└──────────────────┘ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐
│ scores │ │ employment │
├──────────────────┤ ├──────────────────┤
│ id (PK) │ │ id (PK) │
│ sid (FK→students)│ │ sid (FK→students)│
│ num │ │ class_id (FK) │
│ score │ │ employment_open │
│ │ │ _time │
│ create_time │ │ offer_recived │
│ update_time │ │ _time │
│ is_deleted │ │ employment_comp │
│ delete_time │ │ any │
└──────────────────┘ │ employment_salar │
│ y │
│ │
│ create_time │
│ update_time │
│ is_deleted │
│ delete_time │
└──────────────────┘
3. 表结构详述
3.1 teachers — 教师表
| 字段名 | 类型 | 约束 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| id | INT | PK, AUTO_INCREMENT | 主键 |
| num | VARCHAR(30) | UNIQUE, NOT NULL, INDEX | 教师编号 |
| name | VARCHAR(30) | NOT NULL | 姓名 |
| age | INT | DEFAULT 18 | 年龄 |
| sex | INT | DEFAULT 0 | 性别：0未知 1男 2女 |
| home_place | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 家乡 |
| college | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 毕业院校 |
| specialty | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 专业 |
| enrollment_time | DATETIME | NULL | 入学时间 |
| graduate_time | DATETIME | NULL | 毕业时间 |
| education | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 学历 |
| work_experience | TEXT | NULL | 工作经验 |
| coach_area | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 教学方向：应用/项目/算法 |
| create_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 创建时间 |
| update_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 更新时间 |
| is_deleted | BOOLEAN | DEFAULT FALSE | 软删除标志 |
| delete_time | DATETIME | NULL | 删除时间 |
索引：
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE KEY uk_tnum (num),
KEY idx_num (num)
外键： 无（teachers 作为被引用方）
3.2 classes — 班级表
| 字段名 | 类型 | 约束 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| id | INT | PK, AUTO_INCREMENT | 主键 |
| num | VARCHAR(30) | UNIQUE, NOT NULL, INDEX | 班级编号 |
| name | VARCHAR(30) | NOT NULL | 班级名称 |
| class_start_time | DATETIME | NULL | 开课时间 |
| head_teacher_id | INT | NULL, FK→teachers.id | 班主任 ID |
| coach_teacher_id | INT | NULL, FK→teachers.id | 授课老师 ID |
| tutor_teacher_id | INT | NULL, FK→teachers.id | 助教老师 ID |
| create_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 创建时间 |
| update_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 更新时间 |
| is_deleted | BOOLEAN | DEFAULT FALSE | 软删除标志 |
| delete_time | DATETIME | NULL | 删除时间 |
索引：
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE KEY uk_class_num (num),
KEY idx_head_teacher (head_teacher_id),
KEY idx_coach_teacher (coach_teacher_id),
KEY idx_tutor_teacher (tutor_teacher_id)
外键：
CONSTRAINT fk_classes_head_teacher FOREIGN KEY (head_teacher_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT fk_classes_coach_teacher FOREIGN KEY (coach_teacher_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT fk_classes_tutor_teacher FOREIGN KEY (tutor_teacher_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE
3.3 students — 学生表
| 字段名 | 类型 | 约束 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| id | INT | PK, AUTO_INCREMENT | 主键 |
| num | VARCHAR(30) | UNIQUE, NOT NULL, INDEX | 学生编号 |
| name | VARCHAR(30) | NOT NULL | 姓名 |
| age | INT | DEFAULT 18 | 年龄 |
| sex | INT | DEFAULT 0 | 性别：0未知 1男 2女 |
| home_place | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 家乡 |
| college | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 毕业院校 |
| specialty | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 专业 |
| enrollment_time | DATETIME | NULL | 入学时间 |
| graduate_time | DATETIME | NULL | 毕业时间 |
| education | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 学历 |
| class_id | INT | NOT NULL, DEFAULT 0, INDEX | 所属班级 ID |
| advisor_id | INT | NULL, FK→teachers.id | 顾问老师 ID |
| create_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 创建时间 |
| update_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 更新时间 |
| is_deleted | BOOLEAN | DEFAULT FALSE | 软删除标志 |
| delete_time | DATETIME | NULL | 删除时间 |
索引：
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE KEY uk_snum (num),
KEY idx_class_id (class_id),
KEY idx_advisor_id (advisor_id),
KEY idx_class_deleted (class_id, is_deleted) -- 复合索引，优化班级学生列表查询
外键：
CONSTRAINT fk_students_class FOREIGN KEY (class_id) REFERENCES classes(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT fk_students_advisor FOREIGN KEY (advisor_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE
注意：
class_id使用ON DELETE RESTRICT，防止误删有学生的班级。
3.4 scores — 成绩表
| 字段名 | 类型 | 约束 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| id | INT | PK, AUTO_INCREMENT | 主键 |
| sid | INT | NOT NULL, FK→students.id, INDEX | 学生 ID |
| num | VARCHAR(30) | NOT NULL | 考核序次（如"第一次考核"） |
| score | DECIMAL(10,2) | NOT NULL | 分数 |
| create_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 创建时间 |
| update_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 更新时间 |
| is_deleted | BOOLEAN | DEFAULT FALSE | 软删除标志 |
| delete_time | DATETIME | NULL | 删除时间 |
索引：
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE KEY uk_sid_score (sid, num), -- 防止同一学生同一考核重复录入
KEY idx_sid (sid)
外键：
CONSTRAINT fk_scores_student FOREIGN KEY (sid) REFERENCES students(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
删除学生时，其所有成绩记录自动级联删除。
3.5 employment — 就业表
| 字段名 | 类型 | 约束 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| id | INT | PK, AUTO_INCREMENT | 主键 |
| sid | INT | UNIQUE, FK→students.id | 学生 ID（一对一） |
| class_id | INT | NOT NULL, INDEX | 所属班级 ID |
| employment_open_time | DATETIME | NULL | 就业开放时间 |
| offer_recived_time | DATETIME | NULL | Offer 下发时间 |
| employment_company | VARCHAR(50) | NULL | 就业公司 |
| employment_salary | DECIMAL(20,5) | NULL | 就业薪资（月薪） |
| create_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 创建时间 |
| update_time | DATETIME | NOT NULL | 更新时间 |
| is_deleted | BOOLEAN | DEFAULT FALSE | 软删除标志 |
| delete_time | DATETIME | NULL | 删除时间 |
索引：
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE KEY uk_sid (sid), -- 一名学生只允许一条就业记录
KEY idx_class_id (class_id),
KEY idx_class_deleted (class_id, is_deleted) -- 复合索引，优化班级就业统计
外键：
CONSTRAINT fk_employment_student FOREIGN KEY (sid) REFERENCES students(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT fk_employment_class FOREIGN KEY (class_id) REFERENCES classes(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE
4. 完整 DDL（可直接执行）
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS sms
CHARACTER SET utf8mb4
COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
USE sms;
-- ==================== teachers ====================
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS teachers (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
num VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL COMMENT '教师编号',
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名',
age INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 18 COMMENT '年龄',
sex INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '性别：0未知 1男 2女',
home_place VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '家乡',
college VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '毕业院校',
specialty VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '专业',
enrollment_time DATETIME NULL COMMENT '入学时间',
graduate_time DATETIME NULL COMMENT '毕业时间',
education VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '学历',
work_experience TEXT NULL COMMENT '工作经验',
coach_area VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '教学方向：应用/项目/算法',
create_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
update_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
is_deleted TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
delete_time DATETIME NULL,
UNIQUE KEY uk_tnum (num),
KEY idx_num (num)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COMMENT='教师表';
-- ==================== classes ====================
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS classes (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
num VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL COMMENT '班级编号',
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL COMMENT '班级名称',
class_start_time DATETIME NULL COMMENT '开课时间',
head_teacher_id INT NULL COMMENT '班主任ID',
coach_teacher_id INT NULL COMMENT '授课老师ID',
tutor_teacher_id INT NULL COMMENT '助教老师ID',
create_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
update_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
is_deleted TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
delete_time DATETIME NULL,
UNIQUE KEY uk_class_num (num),
KEY idx_head_teacher (head_teacher_id),
KEY idx_coach_teacher (coach_teacher_id),
KEY idx_tutor_teacher (tutor_teacher_id)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COMMENT='班级表';
ALTER TABLE classes
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_classes_head_teacher FOREIGN KEY (head_teacher_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_classes_coach_teacher FOREIGN KEY (coach_teacher_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_classes_tutor_teacher FOREIGN KEY (tutor_teacher_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE;
-- ==================== students ====================
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
num VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL COMMENT '学生编号',
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名',
age INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 18 COMMENT '年龄',
sex INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '性别：0未知 1男 2女',
home_place VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '家乡',
college VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '毕业院校',
specialty VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '专业',
enrollment_time DATETIME NULL COMMENT '入学时间',
graduate_time DATETIME NULL COMMENT '毕业时间',
education VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '学历',
class_id INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '所属班级ID',
advisor_id INT NULL COMMENT '顾问老师ID',
create_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
update_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
is_deleted TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
delete_time DATETIME NULL,
UNIQUE KEY uk_snum (num),
KEY idx_class_id (class_id),
KEY idx_advisor_id (advisor_id),
KEY idx_class_deleted (class_id, is_deleted)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COMMENT='学生表';
ALTER TABLE students
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_students_class FOREIGN KEY (class_id) REFERENCES classes(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_students_advisor FOREIGN KEY (advisor_id) REFERENCES teachers(id) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE;
-- ==================== scores ====================
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS scores (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
sid INT NOT NULL COMMENT '学生ID',
num VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL COMMENT '考核序次',
score DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL COMMENT '分数',
create_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
update_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
is_deleted TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
delete_time DATETIME NULL,
UNIQUE KEY uk_sid_score (sid, num),
KEY idx_sid (sid)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COMMENT='成绩表';
ALTER TABLE scores
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_scores_student FOREIGN KEY (sid) REFERENCES students(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;
-- ==================== employment ====================
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS employment (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
sid INT NOT NULL COMMENT '学生ID',
class_id INT NOT NULL COMMENT '班级ID',
employment_open_time DATETIME NULL COMMENT '就业开放时间',
offer_recived_time DATETIME NULL COMMENT 'Offer下发时间',
employment_company VARCHAR(50) NULL COMMENT '就业公司',
employment_salary DECIMAL(20,5) NULL COMMENT '就业薪资（月薪）',
create_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
update_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
is_deleted TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
delete_time DATETIME NULL,
UNIQUE KEY uk_sid (sid),
KEY idx_class_id (class_id),
KEY idx_class_deleted (class_id, is_deleted)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COMMENT='就业表';
ALTER TABLE employment
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_employment_student FOREIGN KEY (sid) REFERENCES students(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_employment_class FOREIGN KEY (class_id) REFERENCES classes(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE;
5. 索引设计说明
| 表 | 索引名 | 类型 | 字段 | 优化场景 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| students | uk_snum | 唯一 | num | 按学号精确查询 |
| students | idx_class_id | 普通 | class_id | 按班级查学生列表 |
| students | idx_advisor_id | 普通 | advisor_id | 按顾问查学生 |
| students | idx_class_deleted | 联合 | (class_id, is_deleted) | 查某班未删除学生（覆盖常见过滤） |
| classes | uk_class_num | 唯一 | num | 按班级编号精确查询 |
| classes | idx_head_teacher | 普通 | head_teacher_id | 按班主任查班级 |
| scores | uk_sid_score | 唯一 | (sid, num) | 防止重复录入，加速组合查询 |
| scores | idx_sid | 普通 | sid | 按学生查成绩 |
| employment | uk_sid | 唯一 | sid | 保证一人一条就业记录 |
| employment | idx_class_id | 普通 | class_id | 按班级统计就业 |
| employment | idx_class_deleted | 联合 | (class_id, is_deleted) | 班级就业统计过滤已删除记录 |
6. 数据字典表（V2.0 规划）
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dict_items (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
dict_type VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '字典类型：sex, education, college, specialty, coach_area',
dict_code VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '字典编码，业务表存储的值',
dict_label VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL COMMENT '显示名称',
sort_order INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '排序权重',
is_enabled TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 COMMENT '是否启用',
create_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
update_time DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
is_deleted TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
delete_time DATETIME NULL,
UNIQUE KEY uk_type_code (dict_type, dict_code),
KEY idx_type (dict_type)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COMMENT='通用字典表';
-- 初始数据
INSERT INTO dict_items (dict_type, dict_code, dict_label, sort_order) VALUES
('sex', '0', '未知', 1),
('sex', '1', '男', 2),
('sex', '2', '女', 3),
('education','bachelor', '本科', 1),
('education','master', '硕士', 2),
('education','phd', '博士', 3),
('coach_area','app', '应用', 1),
('coach_area','project', '项目', 2),
('coach_area','algorithm','算法', 3);
引用方式（应用层 JOIN）：
-- 查询学生时关联字典获取可读名称
SELECT s.*,
d_sex.dict_label AS sex_label,
d_edu.dict_label AS education_label
FROM students s
LEFT JOIN dict_items d_sex ON d_sex.dict_type='sex' AND d_sex.dict_code=CAST(s.sex AS CHAR)
LEFT JOIN dict_items d_edu ON d_edu.dict_type='education' AND d_edu.dict_code=s.education
WHERE s.is_deleted=0;
7. 历史数据归档策略（V3.0 规划）
当数据量达到千万级时，考虑以下归档方案：
| 策略 | 适用场景 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 分区表（PARTITION BY RANGE） | 按年份归档 | 对 create_time 做范围分区，老分区可迁移至冷存储 |
| 归档表（_history 后缀） | 毕业生数据 | 将已毕业学生的成绩/就业记录移入 students_history 等归档表 |
| 分库分表 | 超大规模 | 按 class_id 哈希分片，需引入 ShardingSphere 或应用层分片 |
归档判断条件：
- 学生
graduate_time距今超过 2 年 - 或主动标记为"已归档"状态